Dynamics of the Tropical Middle Atmosphere: A Tutorial Review*

نویسنده

  • Kevin Hamilton
چکیده

The general circulation of the tropical stratosphere, mesosphere and lowermost thermosphere is discussed at a tutorial level. Observations of the quasi-biennial and semiannual oscillations by both in situ and satellite techniques are first reviewed. The basic dynamics controlling the zonal-mean component of the circulation are then discussed. The role of radiative diabatic cooling in constraining the zonal-mean circulation in the middle atmosphere is emphasized. It is shown that the effectiveness of this radiative constraint is reduced at low latitudes, allowing for the sustained mean flow accelerations over long periods of time characteristic of the quasi-biennial and semiannual oscillations in the tropics. The current view is that the dominant driving for the equatorial mean flow accelerations seen in the middle atmosphere derives from vertically-propagating waves. This process is illustrated here in its simplest context, i.e. the Plumb (1977) model of the interaction of monochromatic internal gravity waves with the mean flow (based on earlier work of Lindzen and Holton, 1968; Holton and Lindzen, 1972). It is shown that the dynamics illustrated by this simple model can serve as the basis for an explanation of the quasi-biennial oscillation. The paper then describes some of recent developments in the theory of the quasi-biennial and semiannual oscillations, including aspects related to the interaction between tropics and midlatitudes in the middle atmosphere. The paper concludes with a discussion of the effects of the long period dynamical variations in the tropical circulation on the chemical composition of the stratosphere. résumé D'un point de vue pédagogique, on discute, dans cet article, de la circulation générale de la stratosphère, de la mésophère et de la plus basse couche de la thermosphère dans la zone tropicale. D'abord, on passe en revue les observations des oscillations semestrielles et quasi biennales de deux façons, soient par des techniques satellitaires et in situ. On discute ensuite de la dynamique de base qui contrôle la composante zonale moyenne de la circulation. On met l’accent sur les contraintes que le refroidissement radiatif diabatif impose à la circulation zonale moyenne de la moyenne atmosphère. On montre que l'efficacité de cette contrainte radiative est réduite aux basses latitudes. Ceci tient compte des accélérations *Based on an invited tutorial lecture at the Canadian Middle Atmosphere Modelling Project Summer School held in August 1997 at Cornwall, Ontario. 320 / Kevin Hamilton soutenues de la circulation moyenne sur de longues périodes de temps, propres aux oscillations semestrielles et quasi biennales dans les tropiques. Il est de notoriété que l'élément dominant entraînant des accélérations de la ciculation moyenne équatoriale dans l'atmosphère moyenne provient de la propagation verticale des ondes. Ce processus est illustré ici dans son plus simple contexte, i.e., le modèle Plumb (1977) de l'interaction des ondes gravitationnelles internes monochromatiques avec la circulation moyenne (basé sur les travaux précédents de Lindzen et Holton, 1968; Holton et Lindzen, 1972). On montre que la dynamique illustrée par ce simple modèle peut servir de base pour l'explication de l'oscillation quasi biennale. Cet article décrit enfin quelques développements récents de la théorie des oscillations semestrielles et quasi biennales, comprenant les aspects reliés à l'interaction entre les tropiques et les latitudes moyennes dans l’atmosphère moyenne. En conclusion, on discute des effets des variations dynamiques à longue pèriode dans la circulation tropicale sur la composition chimique de la stratosphère.

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تاریخ انتشار 1998